Victimology is the science of victimization. The concept, features of the victim and its characteristic features.

 

Victimology: according to V.I. Polubinsky, it is a science that studies any changes (damages) in the material environment, therefore, any kind of victims is the object of its study. What is the subject of victimology? According to S.S.Ostroumov, "the subject of victimology is: 1) the identity and behavior of the victims; 2) their role in the genesis of the crime; 3)Criminological and criminalistically significant relationships and connections between victim and perpetrator; 4) ways and means of compensation for the damage caused to the victim as a result of criminal encroachment. D.V.Rivman includes the situations preceding the crime in the subject of victimology. Who is the victim within the framework of this science?

Russian Russian and Soviet linguist, one of the organizers of the reform of Russian spelling, D.N. Ushakov believes that a victim of a crime is a person who has been subjected to someone's violence, malice, or has suffered from someone or something. Criminological characteristics of crime victims.

The socio-demographic element includes data on a person's gender, age, nationality, social role, and status. Considering the gender characteristics of the victim, it should be noted that men are much more likely to become victims of criminal assaults than women, the proportion of male victims reaches 70%. The high level of victimization of men is explained by their greater involvement in social relations, while men are less engaged in solving everyday problems. So, researchers have found that a woman's work week is 80 hours, and a man's is 50. At the same time, it should be noted that there are trends in the growth of female victimization, due to the processes of urbanization and feminization of society. It should be noted that greater victimization in men does not mean that belonging to the male sex creates a danger of becoming a victim of crime. It is often this factor that keeps the criminal from committing an assault on fear of being rebuffed. Conversely, robbers often choose women as their victims who are unable to resist with dignity. Considering the age of crime victims, it should be noted that the most common victims of crime are people aged 25 to 40 years. Due to their deeper involvement in public relations, as well as their well-established moral and psychological qualities, this category of people is equally at risk of both victimization and criminalization. Also, a high level of victimization is typical for the age group from 19 to 25 years, which is characterized by provocative behavior and the desire to penetrate into various social relations. The peculiarities of age are of particular interest, since at each stage of their development the social content and physical condition of the individual are not the same. The most vulnerable age groups are 25-29 years old (38.4%) and 29-39 years old (28.7%). The age categories from 18 to 24 years (18%), from 40 years and older (14.9%) are next in terms of the degree of decrease in victimization rates. Age-related victimization by type of penitentiary victimization has some differences. Thus, according to the results of a study conducted by I. N. Serdyuchenko, when victimization from sexual violence occurs, the age from 18 to 24 years is the most victimized (34.7%). Convicts aged 18-24 years old constitute a particularly dangerous age group, whose representatives in most cases were sentenced to imprisonment for the first time, do not have sufficient life experience, caution and physical strength, and at the same time are very active, therefore they are more likely to become victims of various crimes against the individual. When committing serious and especially serious violent crimes (murder, causing serious harm to health, etc.), the age of 29-39 years is the most vulnerable (28.8%), and the age of 50 years and older has the lowest rate — 9.2%. The age characteristics of victims of crimes against property also have their own characteristics. Thus, the most vulnerable age is among people who have reached 30-39 years of age (40.6%). Persons aged 18-24 have the lowest age of victimization in this category of crimes (8.5%). The low percentage of victims in this age category is explained by the fact that they have fewer material assets than other age categories of convicts. In terms of the relationship between the personal and moral-psychological characteristics of victims of criminal conflicts, it can be divided into five groups.

These are the faces:

1) having a generally positive and active lifestyle. They often find themselves in the role of victims due to their own positive or insufficiently critical behavior in relation to the developing life situation.;

2) who, despite their general self-control, have low spiritual and cultural potential and an unstable psyche. Their minds are quite primitive, their leisure time is meaningless, which ensures that they find themselves in situations where they may find themselves in the role of a victim.;

3) having a violent attitude towards conflict resolution: aggressiveness, quarrelsome, quarrelsome, despotism, etc. Harm to such persons most often occurs as a response to their attempts to commit violent acts.;

4) with a selfish orientation (greed, avarice, greed, etc.), leading them to commit a crime. They become victims because harming them plays the role of a kind of act of revenge for selfish actions towards their immediate environment.;

A.I. Dolgova identifies six groups of signs, characterizing the identity of the criminal: 1) socio-demographic characteristics; 2) criminal law features; 3) social manifestations in various fields vital activities; 4) moral qualities; 5) psychological signs; 6) physical (biological) characteristics THE EPILOGUE:

In conclusion, it is worth emphasizing that the tasks of victimology are the range of problems that it is designed to solve. The main task of victimological science is to understand the problems of crime related to the personality of the victim, to find ways to solve them in order to prevent crimes. Crime has been a very pressing problem in our society for centuries. Every year, as many mechanisms as possible are used to combat this disease, and victimology is a methodology that provides an expanded understanding of the subject who "suffers" during criminal and unlawful attacks. In addition, we can trace the identical mindset of criminals, who tend to choose victims with similar characteristics. Remember: your life is largely in your hands and depends on your actions!