Sexism

 

Sexism is discrimination based on gender that manifests itself in various areas of life, from personal relationships to professional activities. This phenomenon has deep roots in history and culture, and its consequences continue to affect modern society. In this article, we will look at what sexism is, its historical development and why it is dangerous for society.

History

The concept of "sexism" was introduced by members of the "second wave" feminist movement in the United States, which was modeled on the term "racism", based only on gender, not skin color. The ideology of sexism not only divides people into men and women, but also opposes them, directly or indirectly asserting the superiority of one sex over the other. Historically, women have often been perceived as less capable and deserving of fewer rights and opportunities than men. It is ingrained in the traditions, religion, and culture of many societies. For example, for a long time, women were prohibited from voting, working in certain professions, and receiving education. Forms of sexism

In the mid-1990s, American researchers Susan Fiske and Peter Glick introduced the concept of "ambivalent" or "two-faced" sexism, as opposed to understanding sexism solely as a negative and hostile manifestation of women. This term describes the dual nature of sexism, which can manifest itself in two different forms: hostile and benevolent, thereby including both negative and positive assessments of women. Hostile sexism (Hostile Sexism) is a form of sexism expressed in a negative, dismissive and aggressive attitude towards women. It is aimed at those women who violate traditional gender roles, for example, prefer a career to a family or do not conform to traditional ideas about femininity. Hostile sexism is often accompanied by discrimination, devaluation, and open hostility. Benevolent Sexism is a form of sexism that, at first glance, seems positive and even caring. It manifests itself in a patronizing attitude towards women who meet traditional gender expectations. Benevolent sexism emphasizes the importance of women's roles in the family and society, supporting their fulfillment. However, despite the apparent positivity, benevolent sexism also restricts women's freedom and reinforces gender stereotypes. Both forms of ambivalent sexism differ in their manifestations, but they equally contribute to maintaining gender inequality and justify violence against women. They create conditions in which women face restrictions and discrimination, regardless of whether they follow traditional roles or not.

Manifestations of sexism

Professional field

In the professional environment, women often face gender stereotypes that limit their career opportunities and lead to wage differences. Men tend to occupy leadership positions, while women are more likely to be found in low-paid and less prestigious positions. According to the World Economic Forum, in 2023, the global gender pay gap was about 16%, which means that women on average earned 16% less than men for similar jobs. The statistics for Central Asia look like this: the gender wage gap in Kazakhstan is about 34%, in Uzbekistan — 31%, in Kyrgyzstan — 28%, in Tajikistan — 36%, in Turkmenistan — 38%. Women are also significantly less represented in politics than men. As of 2023, women hold about 25% of seats in national parliaments worldwide. In the professional sphere in Central Asian countries, women occupy only 20% of senior positions, while in low-paid and less prestigious positions their share exceeds 50%. Women in Central Asia often face limited access to education and vocational training. In particular, in Tajikistan and Turkmenistan, the proportion of women with higher education is significantly lower than that of men. Sexual objectification Sexual objectification of women is also a common form of sexism. Women are often perceived and evaluated solely through the prism of their appearance, which reduces their professional and personal achievements. The media, advertising, and entertainment industries often promote these stereotypes by creating images of women focused on meeting men's views and needs. In Kyrgyzstan, 45% of women admit that they have been sexually harassed in the workplace. In Kazakhstan, 40% of women have experienced sexual harassment at work, while only 10% of them reported it to their employer. Sexual harassment and violence Sexual violence and harassment are extreme manifestations of sexism. They are aimed at suppressing and controlling women, creating an atmosphere of fear and insecurity. These actions can take place in any area of life, including the workplace, educational institutions, and even at home. Globally, according to the United Nations, one in three women in the world has experienced physical or sexual violence throughout their lives. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), about 27% of women worldwide have been physically or sexually assaulted by an intimate partner, and 38% of all murders of women are committed by their partners. In Kazakhstan, one in three women has experienced physical or sexual violence during their lifetime. In Kyrgyzstan, 4,767 cases of domestic violence were registered in the first four months of 2024, which is 632 more cases compared to the same period last year.

The danger of sexism

Sexism, or gender discrimination, is a social evil that affects both men and women, but is especially pronounced against women and girls. It penetrates into various aspects of life, creating unfair conditions and obstacles for those who become its victims and hinders progress and development, limiting the potential of both individuals and society as a whole. Infringement of rights and freedoms

Sexism leads to violations of fundamental human rights, such as the right to equality and non-discrimination. Women often face restrictions in access to education, health care, and employment. For example, in many countries, women earn less than men for the same job, which leads to economic inequality and a deterioration in the quality of life. Strengthening gender stereotypes

Sexism contributes to the entrenchment of gender stereotypes that limit people's opportunities and potential. Such stereotypes impose ideas about what roles men and women should play in society. For example, expectations that women should be caring and domestic, and men should be strong and aggressive, may limit their choices and development in various areas of life. Violence and harassment

Sexism is often accompanied by violence and sexual harassment. Women and girls all over the world are subjected to physical and sexual violence, which leads to injury, psychological distress, and even death. Harassment in the workplace and in public places is also a common problem that hinders women's safe and equal participation in public life. Economic consequences

Sexism has significant economic consequences. Discrimination against women in the workplace and restrictions on their access to economic resources lead to a decrease in the overall level of economic development. A study by the Asian Development Bank shows that gender equality could increase global GDP by $12 trillion by 2025. Thus, overcoming sexism is an important prerequisite for sustainable economic development. Social injustice

Sexism reinforces social injustice and inequality, creating barriers to the harmonious development of society. When half of the population is discriminated against and oppressed, it undermines the foundations of democratic and just societies. The fight against sexism requires systematic changes at the level of legislation, education and culture to ensure equal opportunities and rights for all.

Sexism is a serious social problem that has many negative consequences for individuals and society as a whole. The fight against this phenomenon requires joint efforts on the part of the State, organizations and each individual. It is only through actively countering discrimination and promoting gender equality that we will be able to create a just and prosperous society where everyone has equal opportunities for development and self-realization.